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The "Jewel Temple," Chinese-style Buddhist temple, was built between 1586 and 1586 on the order of Abtai Sain Khan, ruler of the Khalkha Mongols. He ordered its construction after he met with the 3rd Dalai Lama.
The Mongolian Khan declared Tibetan Buddhism as the state religion of Mongolia.
The oldest Buddhist monastery of Mongolia is located in the province of Ovorkhangai, about 2 kilometres (1,2 mile) Northeast Kharkhorin, adjacent to Krakorum, the ancient capital of Mongolian Empire.
The monastery is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in the category “cultural landscape of Orkhon Valley.”
Stones from the nearby ruins of the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum were used in its construction.
Planners attempted to create a surrounding wall that resembled a Tibetan Buddhist rosary featuring 108 stupas (108 is the sacred number in Buddhism), but this objective was probably never achieved. The monastery's temple walls were painted, and the Chinese-style roof covered with green tiles.
The monastery was damaged in 1688 during one of the many wars between Dzungars and Khalkha Mongols.
Locals dismantled the wooden fortifications of the abandoned monastery. It was rebuilt in the 18th century and by 1872 had a full 62 temples and housed up to 1000 monks.
According to tradition, in 1745 a local Buddhist disciple named Bunia made several unsuccessful attempts to fly with a device he invented similar to parachute.
In 1939 the Communist leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan ordered the monastery destroyed, as part of a purge that obliterated hundreds of monasteries in Mongolia and killed over 10,000 monks.
Three small temples and the external wall with the stupas survived the initial onslaught and by 1944 Joseph Stalin pressured Choibalsan to maintain the monastery (along with Gandantegchinlen Monastery in Ulaanbaatar) as a showpiece for international visitors, such as U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace, to prove that the communist regime allowed freedom of religion.
In 1947 the temples were converted into museums and for the four decades that followed Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery became Mongolia's only functioning monastery.
After the fall of Communism in Mongolia in 1990, the monastery was turned over to the lamas and Erdene Zuu again became a place of worship. Today Erdene Zuu remains an active Buddhist monastery as well as a museum that is open to tourists.
On a hill outside the monastery sits a stone phallus called Kharkhorin Rock. The phallus is said to restrain the sexual impulses of the monks and ensure their good behavior.
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